In early November, volcano scientists from Hawaii, Chile, Indonesia, Italy and Japan participated in a workshop at the Mount Fuji Research Institute in Japan. Talks and discussions during this workshop were focused on the best ways to protect tourists in
In early November, volcano scientists from Hawaii, Chile, Indonesia, Italy and Japan participated in a workshop at the Mount Fuji Research Institute in Japan. Talks and discussions during this workshop were focused on the best ways to protect tourists in active volcanic areas.
Japanese volcanologists have been quite concerned about the possible effects of a Mount Fuji eruption on the thousands of visitors who hike up the sacred mountain every day. Rightfully so. In September 2014, an unexpected phreatic eruption of Mount Ontake, the second highest volcano in Japan (after Fuji), killed 57 hikers. Then, in late June, a small ash eruption occurred at Mount Hakone, but potentially active areas already were closed, and there were no injuries or deaths.
Japan has 110 active volcanoes (including submarine volcanoes), 47 of which are continuously monitored for signs of unrest. During the workshop, Japanese speakers representing volcano science and monitoring, the tourist industry, media and police, described measures currently in place and those planned to protect tourists on Japan’s volcanoes, specifically Fuji, Hakone and Unzen.
At Mount Fuji, in addition to tourists, approximately 560,000 residents live within its evacuation zones. During the summer, about 300,000 mountaineers visit Fuji, with up to 10,000 people climbing the volcano each day. Possible eruptive products for this volcano include lava flows, snowmelt mudflows and ashfall — a “kaleidoscope of eruption” per Japanese scientists.
Methods to communicate hazards to and evacuate residents are similar to those in other countries. The challenge, however, is communicating with and evacuating hikers on Fuji, potentially in a short period of time.
Four main trails reach Fuji’s summit — Yoshida, Subashiri, Gotemba and Fujinomiya. On Yoshida and Subashiri, the trail for ascent is completely different from the trail for descent. Mountain huts are numerous on ascending trails, but sparse on descending trails.
To reach and warn hikers on Mount Fuji, communication must be established to the network of mountain huts, but this does not help on trails with few huts. Therefore, alternate means of communicating with hikers are being considered.
Japanese scientists evaluated the specific effects of several different eruption scenarios and devised hiker evacuation routes for each scenario. The evacuation zones are meant to minimize exposure to ashfall at varying distances from the most recent and likely future volcanic vents. Scientists also compiled the 17 most prominent steepest-descent paths for lava flows on Fuji, and each path has its own evacuation route.
Other workshop presenters talked about recent volcanic activity in their respective countries and how hazards were communicated to visitors and residents.
In Chile, climbing, hiking and skiing on Villarica and Calbuco volcanoes, both within national parks, were popular tourist activities. But recent eruptions on the volcanoes destroyed a resort, tourism center and some homes, and caused park and highway closures, severely affecting the local tourism industry. At Villarrica, the mayor and tourism officials were eager to resume tourist activities, despite the uncertainty of future eruptions.
In Indonesia, volcano tourism is a growing industry, and experiencing problems similar to those in Chile. Merapi volcano erupted in 2010, killing more than 350 people, and again in 2013 and 2014. During the 2014 eruption, 600,000 residents and visitors were in harm’s way. Indonesian speakers emphasized the importance of tying volcano surveillance and reporting to tourist activities.
Sicily’s Mount Etna, one of the most active volcanoes in the world, attracts thousands of visitors every year. Frequent eruptions there have produced abundant ashfall, destroying crops, affecting vehicle transportation around the volcano and frequently closing airspace above nearby airports.
A USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientist at the workshop summarized the recent lava flow threat to Pahoa. Impacts there were mainly to private property and not within a park, so tourist opportunities were not the top priority. However, Hawaii County did eventually open a viewing area at the Pahoa Solid Waste Transfer Station for several months after the lava flow threat diminished.
Kilauea Volcano’s ongoing eruptions attract nearly 2 million visitors to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park each year. If and when Mauna Loa erupts, that number is sure to increase.
Workshops, such as the one at Mount Fuji, are invaluable opportunities to gain and share information on how to safely manage tourism on Hawaii’s active volcanoes.
Volcano activity updates
Kilauea continues to erupt at its summit and East Rift Zone. The summit lava lake level varied between about 40 and 50 m (131–164 ft) below the vent rim within Halema‘uma‘u Crater. On the East Rift Zone, scattered lava flow activity remained within about 6.1 km (4 mi) of Pu‘u ‘O‘o.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. The seismicity rate is elevated above background levels, but has not increased compared with rates observed during the past six months.
Continuous GPS measurements continue to show deformation consistent with inflation of magma reservoirs beneath Mauna Loa.
There were no earthquakes reported felt on the Island of Hawaii this past week.
Visit the HVO website (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov) for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea daily eruption updates, Mauna Loa weekly updates, volcano photos, recent earthquakes info, and more; call for summary updates at 808-967-8862 (Kilauea) or 808-967-8866 (Mauna Loa); email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.
Volcano Watch (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/) is a weekly article and activity update written by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey`s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
