By ANA SWANSON and CHRIS BUCKLEY NYTimes News Service
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WASHINGTON — Beijing responded swiftly Tuesday to the tariffs President Donald Trump had promised, announcing a fusillade of countermeasures targeting American companies and imports of critical products.

Trump’s 10% tariff on all Chinese products went into effect at 12:01 a.m. Tuesday, the result of an executive order issued over the weekend aimed at pressuring Beijing to crack down on fentanyl shipments into the United States.

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The Chinese government came back with a series of retaliatory steps, including additional tariffs on liquefied natural gas, coal, farm machinery and other products from the United States, which will take effect Monday. It also immediately implemented restrictions on the export of certain critical minerals, many of which are used in the production of high-tech products.

In addition, Chinese market regulators said they had launched an anti-monopoly investigation into Google. Google is blocked from China’s internet, but the move may disrupt the company’s dealings with Chinese companies.

Wendy Cutler, a former U.S. trade negotiator, said the various measures were a signal from China of the range of options it has to respond to Trump’s trade actions. “This menu approach is not surprising,” she said. “Beijing has been building its toolbox for some time.”

The U.S. tariffs, which Trump said Monday were an “opening salvo,” come on top of levies that the president imposed during his first term. Many Chinese products already faced a 10% or 25% tariff, and the move adds a 10% tariff to more than $400 billion of goods that Americans purchase from China each year, particularly impacting computers and electronics, electrical equipment, and clothing.

Trump had been planning to hit America’s three largest trading partners, Canada, Mexico and China, with tariffs of varying degrees. But after days of frantic negotiations, Trump agreed to pause the tariffs on Mexico and Canada for 30 days after the Canadian and Mexican governments promised to step up their oversight of fentanyl and the border.

Trump said Monday he planned to speak with Chinese leader Xi Jinping by phone. White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said Tuesday that the call was being scheduled and would happen very soon.

China’s counterpunches suggested an effort to hurt American businesses and send a warning to the Trump administration, while holding in reserve measures that could do even more serious damage to trade between the world’s two biggest economies. But some trade experts said China had reserved the right to grant exemptions to its tariffs and the measures were calibrated to send the Trump administration a message without causing too much damage.

Researchers at Capital Economics calculated that the Chinese tariffs would hit about $20 billion of U.S. exports — about 12% of what the United States sends to China each year — far less than the more than $450 billion worth of Chinese imports taxed by the United States. They also said it was notable that no strategic items China imports from the United States — like high-end chips, pharmaceuticals or aerospace equipment — were targeted.

“As far as I can see so far, it’s a relatively limited response, affecting no more than 30% of U.S. exports to China,” said Bert Hofman, a former World Bank official and now an adjunct professor at the East Asian Institute at the National University of Singapore. “They’re probably trying to keep their powder dry, because this could still be only the first step from the Trump administration.”

The Trump administration’s tariffs “seriously undermine the rules-based multilateral trading system, damage the foundation of economic and trade cooperation between China and the United States, and disrupt the stability of global industry supply chains,” China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a statement.

The commerce ministry and China’s customs agency announced new restrictions on exports of tungsten, tellurium, molybdenum and other metals important for industry and new technologies, citing “national security and interests.”

Stephen Orlins, president of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, said the Chinese response was “measured” but that the decision to extend curbs on critical minerals was “unwise.”

“It reminds Americans that the supply chain is not reliable,” he said.

China’s measures included an additional 10% tariff on crude oil, agricultural equipment, larger cars and pickup trucks, as well as an additional 15% tariff on coal and natural gas, Chinese tax authorities announced. Those tariffs will go into effect Monday.

China also said it had added two American companies to its “unreliable entities” list. One of the companies, PVH — the American retailer that owns the Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger brands — had already been placed under investigation by Chinese regulators in September. China said PVH had taken “discriminatory measures” against goods from the Xinjiang region in China’s far west.

Google did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the announcement of the antitrust investigation.