This week marks the one-year anniversary of when the June 27 lava flow, named for the date in 2014 it began erupting from Pu‘u ‘O‘o on Kilauea Volcano’s East Rift Zone, was considered by USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) scientists to be an imminent threat to Kaohe Homesteads residents in the Puna District.
On Sept. 4, 2014, HVO increased the USGS Volcano Alert Level for Kilauea Volcano from watch to warning as the flow advanced to within 1.2 km (0.7 mi) of the Kaohe Homesteads boundary.
Since early July, the lava flow was advancing an average of 250 m (820 ft) per day.
When the warning notification was issued, lava was just emerging from the third set of ground cracks the flow had poured into along the East Rift Zone, about 13 km (8 mi) from Pu‘u ‘O‘o. At the average rate of advance, HVO scientists projected the lava flow could reach Kaohe Homesteads within five to seven days, if it stayed within the rift zone’s ground crack system.
Instead, lava escaped the cracks and flowed along a northerly path on the west and north boundaries of Kaohe Homesteads. The flow eventually advanced in fits and starts another 8 km (5 mi) into the middle of Pahoa town by late October 2014, and then to the outskirts of Pahoa Marketplace in late December 2014 through March.
During this time, the flow fronts were only a few hundred meters (yards) from homes, businesses and power and communication lines, so HVO kept the Volcano Alert Level for Kilauea at warning.
A series of breakouts from the lava-tube system near Pu‘u ‘O‘o in early 2015 spawned many surface flows far upslope of Pahoa, which eventually helped break down the tube system only 6 km (4 mi) from the vent. With no lava moving through the lower part of the tube, surface flows near Pahoa Marketplace became completely inactive by March 13.
With the active parts of the June 27 lava flow far from inhabited areas and moving very slowly, they were no longer considered to be an immediate threat to people and property. So, HVO decreased the USGS Volcano Alert Level to watch March 25, where it remains today.
The volcano watch and warning alert levels might sound a lot like notices issued by the National Weather Service for hazardous meteorological events, including the parade of tropical storms and hurricanes that have approached Hawaii this summer. That’s because the USGS adopted these familiar terms to create a similar standardized notification system for volcanic activity in the United States.
A full description of the USGS Volcanic Activity Alert-Notification System is provided in a USGS Fact Sheet, available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3139/fs2006-3139.pdf.
This notification system was formalized in 2006 to include Volcano Alert Levels that inform people on the ground about a volcano’s status — normal, advisory, watch and warning. For Kilauea, the current watch level means an eruption is occurring, but poses limited hazards to people and infrastructure on the ground.
For a volcano that is not erupting, it means the volcano is showing elevated signs of unrest with the potential of eruption increased but not certain.
The notification system also includes an Aviation Color Code to inform the aviation industry (especially flying aircraft) about a volcano’s activity, with a particular focus on volcanic ash — green, yello, orange and red. Kilauea’s color code today is orange, which means an eruption is underway with no, or minor, volcanic-ash emissions.
Thus far, the color code has not changed from orange during the June 27 lava flow activity.
USGS volcano notifications are issued by all five U.S. volcano observatories, including HVO, based on analyses of data from monitoring networks, direct observations and satellite-based sensors. You can receive all or some of these notifications via email by subscribing to the USGS Volcano Notification Service at http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vns/.
We encourage island residents to sign up for this free service and to stay informed about the status of Hawaiian volcanoes.
Kilauea activity update
Kilauea’s summit lava lake level, which fluctuates in response to summit inflation and deflation, varied this past week between about 50 and 60 m (164–197 ft) below the vent rim within Halema‘uma‘u Crater.
Kilauea’s East Rift Zone lava continues to feed widespread breakouts northeast and east of Pu‘u ‘O‘o. All active lava remains within about 8 km (5 mi) from Pu‘u ‘O‘o. Some breakouts are evident by smoke plumes from burning vegetation where lava creeps into the forest.
There were no earthquakes reported felt on the Big Island during the past week.
Please visit the HVO website (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov) for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea daily eruption updates and other volcano status reports, current volcano photos, recent earthquakes, and more; call (808) 967-8862 for a Kilauea summary update; email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.
Volcano Watch (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/) is a weekly article and activity update written by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey`s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
